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| Malcolm X with Shirley Graham Du Bois, by then W.E.B.’s widow, in Ghana in 1964 after Malcolm’s Haj pilgrimage. |
Author Manning Marable, a Columbia
University professor who died soon after the book’s publication, said his
long-awaited work was generated, in part, because of inconsistencies and other
problems he had with The
Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965),
which was written with the assistance of Alex Haley. Malcolm’s early-life
criminal past as “Detroit Red” was exaggerated to establish his street
credibility and to create a more compelling life story, according to
Marable.
On Dec. 29, Third World Press is
scheduled to publish By
Any Means Necessary Malcolm X: Real, Not Invented, a collection of
essays designed “to continue, and to expand, the debate arising from Manning
Marable’s biography,” according to its co-editors.
An online
resource patterned on A Life
of Reinvention is available
at The Malcolm X Project at Columbia
University.
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